Internet Restrictions in ChinaSome of my friends in China were having some trouble connecting with my blog for no apparent reason. So I started to dig around on the topic of
Internet Filtering in China.
Results are a bit shocking! Some sites are specifically filtered out.
Among the specific blocked pages are the following categories of content:
Dissident/democracy sitesBlocked sites includes sites about democracy and human rights generally and sites specific to China. Of the top 100 sites returned by Google in response to a search for "democracy china," 40 were found to be blocked, while 37 "dissident china" sites were blocked, 32 were blocked for "freedom china," and 30 for "justice china." Specific blocked sites included
Amnesty International,
Human Rights Watch, the
Hong Kong Voice of Democracy, the
Direct Democracy Center, and dozens of Falun Gong and Falun Dafa sites.
HealthBlocked sites included sites about health generally and about health in China specifically. Of the top 100 Google results for "hunger china," 24 were blocked; for "famine china" 23; for "AIDS china" 21; for "sex china" 19; for "disease china" 14. Specific blocked sites included the
AIDS Healthcare Foundation, the
Internet Mental Health reference, and the
Health in China research project. We found blocking of a total of
139 sites listed in Yahoo's Health directory categories and subcategories.
EducationBlocked sites included a number of well-known institutions of higher education, including the primary web servers operated by
Caltech,
Columbia,
MIT, and the
University of Virginia. Blocked non-university sites included the
Learning Channel, the
Islamic Virtual School, the
Music Academy of Zheng, and the web sites of dozens of public and private primary and secondary schools. We further found evidence of blocking of
696 sites listed in Yahoo's Education directory categories and subcategories.
NewsThe
BBC News was consistently unreachable, while
CNN,
Time Magazine,
PBS, the
Miami Herald, and the
Philadelphia Inquirer were also often unavailable. Of Google's top 100 results for news, 42 were blocked. We further found evidence of blocking of
923 sites listed in Yahoo's News and Media directory categories and subcategories. Nonetheless, some news sites that were previously blocked became accessible during the course of our testing; for example,
Reuters was blocked through April 29, but was subsequently accessible, while the
Washington Post was blocked through May 6 and was subsequently accessible. This reduction in blocking of entire news sites may reflect that certain new filtering technologies (
discussed in greater detail in the appendix) allow blocking only of the particular sections and articles that are particularly controversial in China. As a result, our results should not be taken to suggest that every Washington Post article is now accessible in China.
Government sitesBlocked sites included a variety of sites operated by governments in Asia and beyond. As discussed below, government sites of Taiwan and Tibet were targeted specifically. Also blocked was the entirety of
uscourts.gov, including the many federal district and appellate courts in the United States, as well as the United Kingdom's
Court Service and Israel's
Judicial Authority. The communication sites of various governments were blocked, including the United States'
Voice of America, as well as travel sites from
Australia,
Israel,
Korea,
Switzerland, and
Wales. Government military department sites were also blocked, including the US
Department of Defense, though others remained reachable (the
CIA). A variety of additional government sites were blocked, without manifest pattern, both in the United States and beyond; examples include the site of Seattle's
King County, the main
Australian Federal Government index site, the Philippines
Bureau of Customs, the British
Insolvency Service, the
Office of the Governor of Makkah in Saudi Arabia, and the
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Blocked sites included
516 sites in Yahoo's categories and subcategories pertaining to governments.
Taiwanese and Tibetan sites generallyBlocked sites included business sites (like the
A&D Company of Taiwan), non-commercial sites (the
Taiwan Health Clinic and a total of 709 .edu.tw sites, as well as the
Voice of Tibet), and government sites (the
Office of the President of Taiwan and the
Taiwanese Parliamentary Library among 936 other Taiwanese government sites, and the
Official Website of the Tibetan Government in Exile). More than 60% of Google's top 100 "Tibet" sites were found to be blocked, and more than 47% of the top "Taiwan" sites were blocked. Taiwanese content was also blocked disproportionately, relative to its representation in our testing sample; fully 3,284 .TW sites (13.4% of .TW sites tested) were blocked, while our overall block rate was approximately 9.3%. (Of course, comparisons of block rates must be performed with care given the subjective formation of the list of sites tested. For lack of a domain name specifically associated with Tibetan sites, it is more difficult to perform such a comparison on the block rate of Tibetan content.)
EntertainmentBlocked sites included the movie
Deep Impact, the
Canadian Music Centre, the Taiwanese site of MTV (
mtv.com.tw) and multiple sites providing off-color jokes. We also found blocking of a total of
451 sites in Yahoo's categories and subcategories pertaining to Entertainment. Business.
Blocked sites included
Novartis,
Malaysian Airlines,
Oil Industry News, [...]
ReligionBlocked sites included the
Asian American Baptist Church, the
Atheist Network, the
Catholic Civil Rights League,
Feng Shui at Geomancy.net, the
Canberra Islamic Centre, the
Jewish Federation of Winnipeg, and the
Denver Zen Center. We found blocking of a total of
1,763 sites in Yahoo's categories and subcategories pertaining to religion.
Now that's a very scary list!
Foreign Companies Help Restrict AccessIn its quest to control the internet China has sought help from overseas. Some large, US-based computer software companies are believed to have sold Beijing the sophisticated software needed to run its filtering system. Companies like Google and Yahoo! have also been accused of co-operating in China's internet censorship. Google, for example, has modified its Chinese language search engine so that it does not show results for sites the Chinese government deems "harmful".
BBC News has
moreBlogger Beware!Bloggers must register with authorities. Earlier this year, China required anyone starting a Web site or a blog to register with authorities. Hundreds of Internet cafes — the main entry for Chinese who can’t afford a computer or Internet access — have closed as part of an ongoing effort to curb potential political decent.
MSNBC has
more